Small Animal Advances is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal that aims to publish high-quality manuscripts. All accepted articles are published quarterly in open-access full text. SAA publishes the results of original scientific studies, reviews, case reports, and short communications on diseases and medicine related to small ruminants and non-ruminants animals. Journal Name: Small Animal Advances Journal initials: SAA Journal Abbreviation: Small Anim. Adv. ISSN: 2821-2363 Publisher: Rovedar DOI Prefix: 10.58803/SAA Frequency: Quarterly ------------------------------------------------ Journal Statistics Average time to preliminary assessment: 9 days Average time to review: 28 days Average time to publish: 39 days Submissions: 10 Accepted articles: 5 Acceptance rate: 50% Accepted Articles Published for Free: 80%
Dental plaque and periodontal diseases are prevalent concerns in humans and animals. Traditional treatments, such as chlorhexidine mouthwash and systemic antibiotics, are limited by issues including tooth staining and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, herbal alternatives have gained interest for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and plaque-inhibiting properties. The present study assessed the efficacy of natural mouthwashes derived from green tea (Camellia sinensis), guava (Psidium guajava), propolis, pomegranate (Punica granatum), neem (Azadirachta indica), and miswak (Salvadora persica) in promoting oral hygiene as an alternative to conventional antibacterial agents in humans and animals. Several studies have indicated that these natural plants exhibit significant antimicrobial activity, reduce plaque formation, and alleviate gum inflammation without adverse effects. Green tea catechins, guava tannins, propolis flavonoids, pomegranate polyphenols, neem extract, and Miswak extract have shown promising results in dental care for both humans and animals. Herbal mouthwashes provide a safe and effective alternative to traditional oral hygiene products such as chlorhexidine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Small Animal Advances https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Surgical Procedure of a Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Nostril of a Domestic Dog
Introduction: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a contagious, round-cell neoplasm of mesenchymal origin that primarily affects the mucosal surfaces of the external genitalia in both male and female dogs. This neoplasm is naturally transmissible and sexually spread, particularly among reproductively active stray dogs. The present study investigated the clinical and histological signs, as well as surgical treatment, of CTVY in a 4-year-old mixed-breed dog. Case report: In 2024, a 4-year-old female mixed-breed dog weighing 18 kg was referred to a veterinary clinic in Mashhad, Iran, due to the presence of a lobulated nasal mass. The dog exhibited blood-tinged saliva and showed no improvement with antibiotic therapy. Following clinical evaluation and radiographic imaging, an incisional biopsy was conducted under general anesthesia to obtain a tissue sample for histopathological examination. After aseptic preparation of the surgical field, the mass, including a 1 cm margin of healthy surrounding soft tissue and bone, was surgically excised. Accordingly, the primary oral transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) was diagnosed. The surgery was done, and after a follow-up period of 150 days post-excisional surgery for a TVT, the patient remained alive and exhibited no visible signs of tumor recurrence or surgical complications. Conclusion: The present case described a nasal TVT exhibiting slow tumor growth and an absence of metastasis in other regions, in a canine patient that underwent treatment exclusively through complete excisional surgery.
Interrogating the Milk Yield Genome: A Comparative Whole Genome Association Study in Guanzhong and Beetal Goats
Introduction: Goat milk production is a vital economic trait, driven by rising global demand due to its digestibility, nutritional benefits, and hypoallergenic properties. To explore the genetic basis of milk yield, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from two dairy goat breeds, Guanzhong (China) and Beetal (Pakistan). The present study aimed to identify genomic variants linked to milk yield in Guanzhong (China) and Beetal (Pakistan) goat breeds by performing an in silico GWAS using available WGS data. Materials and methods: Raw sequencing reads from both breeds were retrieved from public repositories and processed through an established bioinformatics pipeline. A GWAS was performed using a linear mixed model with GCTA and GEMMA, accounting for population structure and polygenic background. After quality control and alignment to the ARS1 goat reference genome using BWA, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, and variants were filtered using SAMtools/BCFtools by applying thresholds of minor allele frequency (> 5%) and genotype call rate (> 90%). Population structure was assessed through principal component analysis and a genomic kinship matrix, both conducted using GCTA software, to control for stratification. The Manhattan plot revealed several genome-wide significant peaks, including loci near LALBA, PRLR, and SPP1, which are associated with lactation traits in dairy goats. Results: The GWAS revealed significant SNPs near LALBA on chromosome 19 (p = 1 × 10-¹⁰) and PRLR on chromosome X (p = 3.2 × 10-⁹) strongly associated with milk yield in Guanzhong and Beetal goats. In Guanzhong goats, SNPs near ANPEP, ADRA1A, and PRKG1 exhibited significant allele frequency differences, while in Beetal goats, SNPs near IGFBP3 and LEPR were linked to lactation traits. These loci provided robust genomic markers for enhancing the dairy goat breeding program. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the feasibility of WGS-based GWAS in goats and identified candidate loci such as SPP1, ERBB4, and LALBA, previously linked to lactation, that may serve as genomic markers in future selection programs.
Laparoscopy in Veterinary Abdominal Surgery: Techniques, Applications, and Future Perspectives
Laparoscopy has revolutionized veterinary abdominal surgery by offering minimally invasive approaches that reduce postoperative pain, enhance recovery, and improve surgical outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of laparoscopic techniques, their applications, and future perspectives in veterinary medicine. The primary focus is to explore the versatility and efficacy of laparoscopic procedures in the management of various abdominal pathologies in animals. The key procedures covered include laparoscopic treatments for pancreatic diseases, cryptorchidism, and ovariectomy, with a focus on their technical implementation and clinical importance. The application of laparoscopy in addressing small bowel obstruction and gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), along with the utilization of gastropexy, highlights its role in managing life-threatening conditions. Splenectomy and diagnostic laparoscopy, including hepatic examinations, are reviewed for their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. Furthermore, advancements in laparoscopic techniques for gallbladder and biliary tract pathologies are evaluated, demonstrating the breadth of their applicability. The review also addresses the advantages of laparoscopy in veterinary practice, such as reduced invasiveness, shorter hospital stays, and reduction of postoperative complications. However, challenges like the steep learning curve, high equipment costs, and limitations in certain patient populations are critically analyzed. Prospects in the field, including innovations in instrumentation and integration of robotics, are explored to illustrate the potential for enhancing surgical precision and expanding applications. In conclusion, laparoscopy represents a transformative advancement in veterinary abdominal surgery, providing numerous benefits while posing unique challenges. Continued research and technological progress hold the promise of overcoming existing limitations and further optimizing outcomes, paving the way for broader adoption and innovation in the veterinary field.
Surgical Treatment of Primary Mast Cell Tumor in Mucosal Surface of Lower Lip in a Dog: A Case Report
Introduction: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) have been described as a form of cancer affecting a specific type of blood cell that typically plays a role in the body's reaction to allergens and inflammatory processes. The MCTs have been classified as skin tumors in dogs which can also affect other areas of the body, such as the spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and bone marrow. The present study investigated the clinical and histological signs, biological behavior, and treatment of primary oral mast cell tumors. Case report: A 3-year-old neutered female, weighing 18 kg and classified as a medium mixed breed, was referred to a veterinary clinic in Mashhad (Iran) due to the presence of a pink, lobulated mucosal mass located on the internal surface of her lower lip. Although the vital signs were normal, clinical examination, radiology, and an incisional biopsy were performed from the lesion site under general anesthesia for histology study. Histopathological features were similar to those of mastocytoma in this case. On presentation, no concurrent mass was found on other sides of the body. Mandibular lymph nodes were not enlarged; however, the incisor teeth of the mandible were loosed. Accordingly, the primary oral MCTs were diagnosed. The surgery was done and After a follow-up period of 150 days post-excisional surgery for a Mast cell tumor, the patient remained alive and exhibited no visible signs of tumor recurrence or surgical complications. Conclusion: The current case report defined a primary Mast cell tumor with slow tumor growth and without metastasis in the mucosal surface of the lower lip in a dog treated by complete excisional surgery only, unlike some previous studies of primary oral MCTs in dogs with aggressive biological behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2024 Small Animal Advances https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Surgical Treatment of a Perinephric Pseudocyst in a Five-Month-Old Female Cat
Introduction: A perinephric pseudocyst is characterized by the accumulation of fluid within fibrous sacs surrounding one or both kidneys, typically located in the sub-capsular or extracapsular areas. Histologically, these cysts lack an epithelial lining, thus earning the term "pseudocyst." This condition is uncommon in cats and is often associated with chronic kidney disease, particularly in older animals. Diagnosis relies heavily on imaging modalities, and prognosis varies based on the severity of renal impairment. The present case report aimed to detail the diagnosis and treatment of a rare perinephric pseudocyst in a 5-month-old female domestic short-haired cat. Case report: A left perinephric pseudocyst was diagnosed in a 5-month-old female domestic short-haired cat weighing 4.7 kg, presented to Guilan Pet Hospital, Guilan, Iran in January 2021 with a history of abdominal distention and anorexia. Physical examination revealed distension on the left side of the abdomen without any other significant findings. Complete blood count was within normal limits, while the biochemical profile showed elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) levels at the upper limits of the reference range, along with elevated glucose and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels above the reference range. Plain radiography revealed a large mass on the left side of the abdomen, and ultrasonography confirmed the presence of anechoic fluid surrounding the left kidney. Subsequently, a unilateral nephrectomy was performed. Following surgery, the cat owner reported satisfaction with the outcome, and the cat showed no signs of illness during follow-up examinations over the next six months. Both complete blood count and biochemical profiles remained within normal ranges. Conclusion: While perinephric pseudocyst is rare in young cats, it should be considered in cases of abdominal distention and renomegaly. Utilizing imaging is crucial for diagnosis, and nephrectomy proves to be a reliable treatment, ensuring both owner satisfaction and positive results for the cat's health.
Investigating Rabies Prevention and Control: A Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Jimma Town, South-Western Ethiopia
Introduction: Ethiopia has the second highest number of human rabies deaths among African countries. However, the lack of public awareness regarding rabies prevention and control is a major obstacle in combating this disease. To address this issue, the current study was conducted in Jimma Town, southwestern Ethiopia, to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of households regarding rabies and its associated factors. Materials and methods: The current community-based cross-sectional study was carried out, involving a total of 421 participants. The KAP of the respondents was evaluated using principal component analysis and ranked accordingly. Results: Out of the 421 study participants, 53% were female and 63.4% were male. Among the participants, 62.3% demonstrated an adequate level of knowledge, 51% exhibited a positive attitude, and 43% practiced effective prevention and control measures against rabies. On the other hand, younger and male participants were found to have positive attitudes towards rabies. The study revealed that individuals with lower levels of education, specifically those who had not completed college as well as the unemployed and those without dogs had poor knowledge attitudes, and practices about rabies. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to improve the understanding and awareness of rabies within the community.
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Liver Size and its Association to Selected Morphometric Parameters of Domestic Dogs in Accra, Ghana
Introduction: The global unpopularity of linear ultrasonographic measurement, due to its inherent subjectivity, contrasts with the safety, portability, low cost, and real-time capabilities of this imaging modality. The increased availability of ultrasounds in veterinary practice in Ghana presents an opportunity to provide ultrasonographic liver size reference ranges to aid the diagnosis of hepatopathies in domestic dogs. Therefore, this study sought to establish ultrasonographic liver size reference ranges of dogs in Accra, Ghana. It also aimed to to investigate the correlation between liver size and selected morphometric parameters in these domestic dogs. Materials and methods: A total of 60 dogs from different domestic breeds, sexes (27 males and 33 females), age ranges (2.82 ± 2.12 years), weights (28.83 ±9.98kg), and body conformation were sampled. Purposive sampling of dogs was performed based on presenting history, clinical signs, physical exam, and blood analysis. Blood samples were collected for serum biochemistry to distinguish between those classified as healthy and those presenting with clinical illness. Additionally, all dogs were subjected to linear ultrasonographic liver size measurements in longitudinal and transverse planes. Results: The findings indicated a strong positive correlation of mean longitudinal sonographic liver measurement with body height, body girth (the widest point of the chest and the rib cage), the distance between the last rib and the tuber coxa, and the distance between the xiphoid and the tuber ischium. Equations were derived from the mean longitudinal sonographic measurement and these body parameters for deep and non-deep-chested breeds. This study helped to establish equations that can be used to estimate the longitudinal liver measurement. Conclusion: This information can be used in clinical settings to help veterinarians (even with basic knowledge of hepatic ultrasonography) to have a fair idea of hepatopathies relating to size.
Small Animal Ovariohysterectomy and Avoidance of Associated Complications in Pet Practices Across Pakistan: A Current Perspective
Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) is a routine surgical procedure in small animal practices for sterilization and management of several uterine diseases, namely pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, uterine tumors, rupture, and torsion. Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) offers numerous clinical advantages, but post-operative complications could pose financial challenges for veterinarians due to the inherent risk of malpractice suits and clients owing to the extended recovery period for their pets. The authors reviewed about two dozen peer-reviewed English language articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to identify risks and avoidance strategies following OVH. These may include the ones arising from celiotomy (infection, incisional hernias, wound dehiscence, inadvertent injury to organs and adhesions) or affections, such as intraoperative hemorrhage, stump pyometra, ovarian remnant syndrome, ureteral ligation, urinary incontinence, granulomas, fistulous tracts, post-surgery weight gain, and eunuchoid syndrome. This review emphasizes prevention and management methods for each of these complications. Effective surgical techniques play a vital role in preventing hemorrhage, while meticulous resection, ligation, and omentalization of uterine stump reduce the risk of stump pyometra. Complete removal of ovarian tissue and systematic exploration prevent ovarian remnant syndrome. The use of advanced imaging methods, such as ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or CT scans, can greatly aid in identifying and preserving ureters during surgical procedures, thus minimizing the risk of ureteral complications. Strategies to address urinary incontinence, granulomas, and post-surgery weight gain might encompass the use of hormonal therapy involving estradiol analogs or the application of precise surgical techniques involving ureteral reimplantation. Innovative strategies such as auto-transplantation of ovaries are suggested for managing eunuchoid syndrome, while inadvertent prostatectomy and bowel obstruction may simply be avoided by better tissue handling and dissection. In summary, optimizing surgical protocols, incorporating CT scans, using appropriate drug therapies, and continuous education within the veterinary community are crucial for reducing complications associated with OVH.
Copyright (c) 2023 Small Animal Advances https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Successful Management of Dermatophytosis in a Desi Short Hair Domestic Kitten
Introduction: Dermatophytosis is an uncommon fungal infection of hair and skin in the claw. The infection is caused by the invasion of the hair shaft and stratum corneum by Keratophilic fungi. Fungal skin problems in pet animals commonly occur in hot and humid climatic regions. Cats suffer from superficial dermatophytosis despite their licking and self-cleansing behavior. Case report: A two-month-old female desi-short hair domestic kitten weighing 1.2 kg body weight was presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Kurumbapet, India, with a history of crusty patchy alopecic lesions on the rump and paw of the right forelimb for the past week in July 2022. The owner also reported generalized hair loss and scratching. Clinical examination revealed patchy circular dry lesions on the rump and the paw of the right forelimb. No abnormality was detected in the general appearance of the kitten. Behavioral habit was active, appetite and voiding habits were normal, popliteal lymph nodes were palpable, heart rate was 170 beats/minute, respiratory rate was 22 breaths/minute, rectal temperature was 101.8℉, and the conjunctival mucous membrane was pink. The pinna-pedal reflex was negative. Direct microscopy of the skin scraping sample revealed highly positive endothrix spores in the hair shaft. The smear prepared from the culture of the scrapings was stained with Lactophenol Cotton Blue, which confirmed the growth of ligamentous hyphae and mycelium of the dermatophyte, Microsporum spp. Hence, the case was diagnosed with superficial dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum spp. The kitten was successfully treated with itraconazole syrup (Felintra, Savavet, India) administered at the dosage of 5 mg/kg oral for 2 alternative weeks (every 24 hours for 7 days). Moreover, Cetirizine tablet as a non-sedating medicine and antihistamine which acts selectively on H1-receptor was given orally at the dosage of 2.5 mg/cat for the next 5 days, and liver supportive (Liv.52 syrup which contains herbal extracts) was administered orally at the dosage of 0.5 ml daily to overcome the hepatotoxic effect of anti-fungal drugs. Complete recovery was noticed by the third week of treatment which was the second week of the itraconazole syrup (Felintra, Savavet, India) treatment. Conclusion: Dermatophytosis in a kitten was diagnosed early and treated promptly with a proper treatment schedule with itraconazole without any untoward effects on the kitten.
Unveiling the Zoonotic Significance of Toxocariasis in Humans: The Role of Toxocara canis
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxocara canis, with significant effects on human health. This article provided a comprehensive overview of the importance of complications of Toxocara canis infection. The introduction highlighted the relevance of zoonotic diseases and introduced toxocariasis as a specific example. The subsequent sections delved into toxocariasis, covering its transmission, lifecycle, host specificity, and primary sources of human infection. The epidemiology section presented the global prevalence and distribution of toxocariasis at 11.1% (95% CI: 10.6–11.7%), emphasizing high-risk groups and geographical factors contributing to illness. Detailed information was provided regarding the clinical manifestations of toxocariasis, including variations in disease severity and potential complications. Symptoms of visceral toxocariasis include fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, or abdominal pain. The diagnostic methods include laboratory methods (serological testing and western blot) and molecular techniques (PCR), and clinical methods (chest X-ray and CT scan). The prevention and control section outlined strategies for prevention, highlighting the significance of public health measures and awareness campaigns. The One Health approach has recognized the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health. It has highlighted the necessity of cooperative actions to prevent the spread of diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Future directions need to highlight ongoing research and advancements, including improved diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, risk assessment, and international collaboration. The conclusion reinforces the importance of understanding and addressing Toxocara canis infection on human health. Adopting a One Health approach and implementing effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies can reduce the burden of toxocariasis, leading to improved health outcomes for humans and animals.
Analyses of Antimicrobial Use and Prescription Patterns in a Companion Animal Practice in Accra, Ghana, from 2015 to 2021
Introduction: The overuse, misuse, or abuse of antimicrobials in pets has the potential to result in antimicrobial resistance in pathogens of animal origin. There is a need for prudent use of antimicrobials to prevent this issue. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the trend of antimicrobial use in small animals at a veterinary practice in Accra, Ghana, over the period of 2015 to 2021. Materials and methods: Clinical records of 4324 animal patients presented to a veterinary hospital in Ghana that were given antimicrobials from September 2015 to December 2021 were analyzed for frequencies, proportions, and statistical differences. The gender of animals involved in this study were 53.1% males, 43.4% females, and 3.4% did not have the sex stated. The perceptions of antimicrobials by veterinarians and prescription patterns (to understand the basis for the prescription patterns) were considered in this study. Results: Antimicrobial use increased significantly from 56% in the first period (September 2015 to December 2017) to 75% in 2020, dropping to 59% in 2021. The prescription diversity was calculated to be 0.82. The most common indicator for antimicrobial use was a complex of symptoms and signs of anorexia-vomiting-diarrhea (27%). The number of antimicrobials prescribed per visit ranged from 1 to 5. The penicillin type (34%), tetracyclines (26.4%), sulphonamides (18.9%), and nitroimidazoles (10.6%) were the most used antimicrobial group. The routes and dosages administered were recorded in 70.3% and 92% of cases, respectively. The intramuscular route (54.5%) was the most preferred administration method by the clinicians. Notably, 95% of the veterinarians were neither aware of nor used any prescription guidance protocol in the small animal veterinary facility. Conclusion: Antimicrobials were used in high proportions in pets (mainly dogs) from 2015 to 2021. Penicillin, tetracyclines, and sulphonamides were more commonly used. Detailed information on antimicrobial prescriptions and use in a small animal veterinary practice setting in Ghana could provide valuable data for providing guidelines in antibacterial usage.
Selamectin Spot-on: A Cure for Scabies in Rabbits
Introduction: Mange in rabbits is a highly contagious zoonotic disease. The disease is caused mainly by Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes cuniculi, Cheyletiella parasitovorax, and Notoedres cati. The most common forms of this disease in rabbits are body and ear mange. Mites infest animals through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated. Case report: An 8-month-old non-descript female rabbit weighing about 700 g was presented to the Teaching Veterinary clinical complex, Mettupalayam, Puducherry, India, with a history of scratching, pruritus and dried crusty lesions on the margins of the ears, snout, around the eyes and legs and patchy hair loss for the past 15 days. Rectal temperature was 38.4°C, heart rate was 210 bpm, respiratory rate was 40 breaths/minute, and the color of the conjunctival mucous membrane was pink. Other signs included inappetence with normal voiding habits and a thin body condition. The collected skin scraping from the affected areas was examined under the microscope with a 10x objective lens, confirming the presence of live motile Sarcoptes spp. Mite species could be determined through the morphological characteristics (adult mites are nearly circular with short legs, and the third and fourth pairs do not project beyond the margin of the body with terminal anus) under the microscopic examination of the skin scrapings. Therefore, 6% selamectin was applied topically on a single spot at the base of the neck. Supportive therapy with multivitamin (vitamin A, D3, E, B12) drops was given orally at 1 ml per day. Conclusion: The rabbit responded well to the treatments within 2 weeks.
Successful Management of Concurrent Scabies and Dermatophytosis in a Chippiparai Pup
Introduction: Skin diseases are the most common problem in dogs. Due to the hot and humid climate, their prevalence is high in Puducherry, India. Case report: In this case report, concurrent infection of scabies and dermatophytosis was observed in a 2-month-old Chippiparai male pup presented to the Veterinary clinical complex, Mettupalayam, Puducherry, India. The clinical signs were intense scratching, crusty lesions, and an off odor. The temperature was 99.7℉, the heart rate was 85 beats per minute, the respiratory rate was 22 breaths per minute, and the appetite was normal. Regional examination of other organs revealed no abnormality. Ear canal examination did not reveal the presence of any ear mites. Dermatological examination revealed generalized alopecia and pityriasis with positive Pinna pedal reflex. Skin scraping by direct microscopy (10 ×) confirmed the presence of Sarcoptes sp. and Dermatophyte Sp. was confirmed by Lactophenol cotton blue staining technique. The dog underwent a successful treatment that included oral administration of ivermectin at a dosage of 300 μg/kg body weight, twice weekly for 4 weeks. Additionally, the dog received a topical wash with an acaricide solution containing 2% permethrin and 2% miconazole once every 3 days for the same 4-week period. The supportive therapy was also provided by administering a dewormer called pyrantel pamoate at a dosage of 20mg, and providing the dog with 4 drops of an herbal immunostimulant orally. Conclusion: Concurrent infection of scabies and dermatophytes can be managed even in a 2-month-old pup with the above protocol without any toxicity.
Successful Treatment of Urolith in a Neutered Persian Cat: A Case Report
Introduction: Uroliths or calculi are the formations of stones in the bladder. The formation of stones is influenced by specific metabolic conditions such as nutritional factors (e.g., protein-rich diet), hydration (lack of water), pH modification, low urine volume, hypercalcemia, or hypophosphatemia. In pet medicine, urolithiasis is common, particularly in cats. Case report: In October 2022, a 2-year-old neutered male Persian cat with a weight of 4 kg was referred to Ardebili Veterinary Pet Clinic (Mashhad, Iran) due to urinating outside the litter box, painful urination, and blood in the urine. A physical examination, ultrasonography, and blood analysis were performed. The physical examination included an assessment of the cat’s body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, mental state, mucous membrane color, capillary refill time, cardiopulmonary auscultation, and abdominal palpation. The cat appeared to be in good general health. No abnormalities were detected during the palpation of the bladder. Ultrasonography was performed using a real-time scanner with a 7.5-10 MHz broadband curvilinear probe, and the kidney parenchyma was examined. During the examination, a urolith with a size of 1 mm was observed. According to history and ultrasonography, and physical examination, the diagnosis was urolithiasis. To treat intermittent bladder pain, a spasmolytic drug (Prazosin) was administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg for 7 days. By the second day, the symptoms of pain had subsided. Additionally, ciprofloxacin at 20 mg/kg was used to combat infections. Fluoxetine at a 1 mg/kg dose was also administered to control inappropriate urination outside the litter box. After 3 days, the owner reported that the pet’s health improved, and most clinical signs disappeared. Conclusion: Administering appropriate medication (spasmolytic drug, antibiotic, and antidepressant in case of depressed animal and behavioral problems) can alleviate the calculi crystals in a cat’s urinary bladder and prevent future recurrences. In this instance, fluoxetine was discovered to be a successful option for managing pain and solving behavioral problems.
Introduction: Traumatic encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain caused by external trauma. This condition can lead to the manifestation of various nervous signs. Case report: A three-year-old male mongrel was brought to the Small Animal Medicine Unit of the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, India, with a history of hit injury, inappetence, haematuria, and circling gait for the past three days. Clinical examination revealed circling gait and swelling at the base of the penis with other normal vital parameters. By the third day, there were some nervous signs, such as circling, head pressing, and torticollis with insomnia. Haemogram revealed anemia and neutrophilia with no evidence of blood parasites or protozoans. Radiological examination of the head and neck revealed increased atlanto-occipital joint space. The condition was diagnosed as traumatic encephalitis and was treated with Mannitol, Phenobarbital, Diazepam, and Renerve Plus. A neck collar was also advised for immobilization of the neck. The dog collapsed after 20 days despite the symptomatic treatment. Conclusion: The secondary infections caused by encephalitis can lead to death in animals.
Copyright (c) 2022 Small Animal Advances https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acral Lick Dermatitis (Lick Granuloma) in an Adult Male Labrador Retriever Dog
Introduction: Acral lick dermatitis is a skin injury commonly noticed in dogs with obsessive licking behavior. The lesions are usually noticed on the distal extremities which become raised, thickened, and plaque-like. Case report: A five-year-old male Labrador retriever dog was presented to the Small Animal Medicine Unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (RIVER), Puducherry, India, with a history of a superficial wound on the metatarsal region of the right hind limb with bleeding and continuous licking since a month. Clinical examination of the lesion showed a nodular eczematous lesion of 2 cm thickness, while other vital parameters were normal. Based on the licking behavior and other investigations, the skin lesions were diagnosed as acral lick dermatitis. Treatment included the application of Ointment Triamcinolone acetonide (topically) for a month. The licking was controlled using E-collar, and the dog was engaged in playful activities to overcome boredom. The lesion regressed completely within a month and hence was treated uneventfully. Conclusion: Diagnosis and identifying the root cause of the skin disorder can determine the course of treatment. Topical application of corticosteroids (triamcinolone acetonide) and methods, such as E-collar, to control the licking behavior, helped the animal’s recovery.
Introduction: Baclofen is a centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant used to control spasticity and pain in humans. In an overdose situation, the onset of clinical signs, such as vocalization, vomiting, ataxia, disorientation, salivation, coma, weakness, recumbency, and seizures, is usually noticed. Case report: The first case was a two-month-old female Spitz pup weighing 5 kg, which was brought to the Small Animal Medicine unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (RIVER), Puducherry, India, with a history of vomiting, vocalization, and restlessness for the past hour. After recording the history, it was revealed that the dog had accidentally consumed four Baclofen tablets (10 mg each). The animal was immediately treated with fluids, activated charcoal, and Kaolin mixed with water (orally). The gradual reduction in clinical signs was noticed by the lower of 12 hours, and a dramatic improvement was noticed the day after, and the pup recovered completely. The second case was a six-month-old male Labrador dog weighing 20 kg, which was brought to the Small Animal Medicine unit of VCC, RIVER, Puducherry, India, with a history of vocalization, restlessness, and salivation for the past two hours. After considering the history, it was revealed that the dog had accidentally ingested eight Baclofen tablets of 10 mg. The animal was immediately treated with fluids (Injection) Atropine sulfate and activated charcoal mixed with water (orally). The gradual reduction of clinical signs was noticed in less than 12 hours, dramatic improvement was noticed the next day, and the dog recovered completely. Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and proper management of the toxicity with drugs can eliminate the clinical signs, and fluid therapy can help the animal’s recovery.
Gastrointestinal Parasites of Non-descript Goats (capra hircus) in Semi-Arid Zone of Southern India
The current study was conducted to know the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitism in two semi-intensive goat farms owned by small-scale farmers of Puducherry, a semi-arid zone of Southern India. The primary aim of this study was to identify the gastrointestinal parasites in non-descript goats of selected farms in Puducherry, a semi-arid zone of Southern India. The samples included 18 goats from Thirukkanur farm, and 7 goats from Kombakkam farm. The goats had a history of recurrent diarrhea, improper vaccination, and deworming status. There was no information on treatment history. Fresh fecal samples (n = 25) were collected per rectum from the non-descript goats belonging to different age groups and sex. The collected fresh fecal samples were processed by qualitative fecal examination, such as direct smear examination, sedimentation, and flotation techniques. Of 25 fecal samples, 23 (92%) samples were found positive. Upon microscopic examination, different gastrointestinal parasites in the non-descript goats of the targeted area include Strongyles (68%), Amphistomes (48%), Strongyloides spp. (36%), Moniezia spp. (8%), and Trichuris spp. (4%). A higher incidence of gastrointestinal parasites was found in the non-descript goats of the study location. Among these, nematodes constitute about (Strongyles, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp.) 80%, trematode (Amphistomes) 12%, and cestode (Moniezia spp.) 8% were found to be predominant. It is reported that among all the gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode strongyle infection is higher in non-descript goats.
Phenotypic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Antibiotics in Dogs of Tamale Metropolis, Ghana
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterium which induces a wide range of diseases. Its presence in dogs and resistance to antibiotics is a threat to public health due to the close association of humans with dogs. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenotypic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to antibiotics in dogs without any clinical manifestation of diseases in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. The current study also examined microbial load in these dogs. Materials and methods: A total of 120 samples from various parts of dogs, including the mouth, nose, anus, inner ear, and outer ear, were examined. Isolation and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus were determined using the USA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and the Disc Diffusion method, respectively. Results: The presence of S. aureus in the dogs ranged from 8.3% (anus) to 58.3% (nose), averaging 40%. The microbial load also ranged from 2.9 log cfu/cm2 (mouth) to 3.4 log cfu/cm2 (outer ear), with an average of 3.2 log cfu/cm2. There were significant differences among the examined samples regarding the presence of S. aureus, but not the microbial load. The overall resistance, intermediate resistance, and susceptibility of S. aureus were 46.2%, 12.9%, and 42.2%, respectively. The S. aureus was highly resistant to teicoplanin (88.0%) and susceptible to chloramphenicol (72.0%). The multiple antibiotic indexes ranged from 0 to 0.9, and 89.1% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that healthy dogs in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana, were carriers of S. aureus as well as other bacteria, and S. aureus exhibited different resistance patterns to antibiotics.
Why Do Antibiotics Fail? A Veterinary Perspective
In both human and veterinary medicine, the failure of apparently appropriate antimicrobial therapy is a common and often exasperating clinical problem. Many factors are associated with the failure of antibiotic therapy, including an incorrect diagnosis of infectious disease, selection of the inappropriate antibiotic, and incorrect dosage. To achieve the best results, bacteriological diagnostics in the laboratory should be made. Even though the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing guides the potentially suitable antimicrobials, the in vitro susceptibility obtained is not always the best in vivo. The clinician should be aware of other factors, including biofilm-forming bacteria, physicochemical conditions at the site of infection (such as perfusion rate, oxygen partial pressure, and pH value), or immunosuppression of the patient that can lead to treatment failure. This review summarized the main factors associated with antibiotic failure in a veterinarian practice. In a world where animal and human resistance to an antibiotic is rising every year, rational and efficient use of antibiotic therapy is of utmost importance. It is essential to continue with the education of veterinary practitioners in all aspects of antimicrobial resistance and treatment to improve future treatments and have a more rational use of antibiotics to reduce antibiotic resistance in animals and humans.
Comparative Histopathologic Evaluation of the Effects of Portulaca oleracea, Omega-3, and Combination of Sodium Selenite and Vitamin E on Hepatic Enzymes of Experimental Diabetic Rats
Introduction: Portulaca oleracea (PO) plant, Omega 3, and Sodium Selenite plus Vitamin E exert antidiabetic effects by compensating for the deficiency in insulin release and enhancing antioxidant status. The purpose of the present study was to comparatively assess the effect of Portulaca oleracea, omega-3, and a combination of Sodium Selenite and Vitamin E on hepatic enzyme activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: A total of 48 adult male Wistar rats (weighing approximately 220 ± 10 g) were injected by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight.) and were randomly assigned to 4 groups, and 4 replicates for each group. Group 1 served as diabetic control, groups 2, 3, and 4 received Portulaca oleracea extract (1.5 mg/kg/day, orally), Omega-3 (500 mg/kg/day, orally), and Sodium Selenite (0.5 mg/kg/day, orally) plus Vitamin E (400 Iu/kg/day, orally), respectively, for 28 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken for biochemical investigations. Results: The levels of blood glucose, AST, ALP, and GGT enzymes in all treatment groups were less than those of the control group. The ALT enzyme activity in rats treated with Portulaca oleracea and Vitamin E plus Selenium was less than in control and omega-3 treatment groups. Conclusion: Results indicated that Portulaca oleracea is more effective in hepatic enzyme activities of diabetic rats, compared to other treatment groups.
Case Report of Fibrocartilaginous Embolic Myelopathy of the Spinal Cord in a Female Dog
Introduction: Fibrocartilaginous embolic Myelopathy is a non-progressive injury in the spinal cord that can cause infarction in the veins of spinal parenchyma, leading to ischemia and necrosis. Case report: Fibrocartilaginous embolic Myelopathy was diagnosed in a 4-year-old female Spitz dog using the clinical neurological examination. The dog was hospitalized, and the treatment, including supportive treatment and Cortone, was set up for 3 weeks. Then, Diazepam and Methocarbamol were added to the prescription, and treatment continued for 2 weeks. A general improvement was noted after 3 weeks, and the dog could stand perfectly after 5 weeks. Conclusion: Three weeks of supportive treatment, Cortone therapy as well as the addition of Diazepam and Methocarbamol to the treatment could help the dog stand on its feet. However, it cannot be ignored that knowing about the history of the dog played an important role in its treatment procedure.